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(approach was discontinued at approximately 800 feet)Tj
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[(above ground level \(AGL\). A)19.5(t)19.5( )]TJ
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(in turn.)Tj
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T*
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(Archer Procedures)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
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0.0233 Tc
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0.0232 Tc
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(a. Twenty-five percent of the A36 pilots lost)Tj
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[( Scenario chart showing point \(D\) where vacuum/pressure system was disengaged)]TJ
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-0.0222 Tw
(sis, but there was no significant effect attributable to)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
0.0234 Tc
-0.0182 Tw
(aircraft type.)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
0 -2.3673 TD
0.0225 Tc
-0.0091 Tw
(Response to Warning Indicators/instruments)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.0909 -1.1782 TD
0.0232 Tc
-0.0859 Tw
(Only one \(12.5 %\) of the Archer pilots in Group C)Tj
-1.0909 -1.1782 TD
0.0234 Tc
-0.0918 Tw
(\(vacuum annunciator light available\) actually noticed)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0231 Tc
-0.1129 Tw
(the light. Only one \(4 %\) out of all of the Archer pilots)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
0.0233 Tc
0.0379 Tw
(noticed the vacuum gauge at the onset of the emer-)Tj
T*
0.0231 Tc
-0.0172 Tw
(gency. The others simply used it to verify the system)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0234 Tc
-0.0053 Tw
(failure once the instruments were tumbled. Previous)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
0.0231 Tc
-0.0039 Tw
(studies \(Beringer and Ball, 2001\) listed the vacuum-)Tj
T*
0.0235 Tc
-0.0035 Tw
(low annunciator light as one of the first failure indi-)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0237 Tc
-0.0597 Tw
(cations detected by the participants in the conditions)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
0.0234 Tc
-0.0389 Tw
(where it was available. The present finding is not too)Tj
ET
/EmbeddedDocument /MC5 BDC
q
1 i
263.04 738 283.92 -276 re
W n
q
/RelativeColorimetric ri
BT
/F10 1 Tf
11.0369 0 0 11.04 265.0791 726.9209 Tm
0 0 0 rg
/GS9 gs
-0.0132 Tc
0.0178 Tw
[(Ta)-11.5(b)-10.9(l)-17.8(e)-11.5( 3)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
3.4348 0 TD
-0.0024 Tc
0.007 Tw
[(.)-7( M)15.4(ean r)-6.4(e)-0.7(co)10.1(g)-11.6(n)-0.7(it)-7(ion )10.9(t)-7(i)2.2(m)-6.4(e)10.1( per pilot)-7( )10.9(gr)-6.4(oup.)]TJ
/F11 1 Tf
-1.7065 -2.8587 TD
0.0026 Tc
-0.0026 Tw
[(P)4.9(ilo)13.5(t G)7.2(r)0.3(oup)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
7.6413 0.5435 TD
0.0018 Tc
-0.0127 Tw
[(Average ti)8.1(me to )-10.9(r)11(e)0.2(cogn)14.3(iz)11(e f)-13(a)12.7(ilu)14.3(re)]TJ
5.0326 -1.087 TD
-0.0017 Tc
0 Tw
[(\()-5.7(m)5.2(i)-6.3(nut)-5.7(e)7.5(s)-4(\))]TJ
ET
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
263.64 718.401 0.72 -3 re
f
263.64 718.401 2.879 -0.72 re
f
265.079 716.961 1.44 -1.56 re
f
266.519 718.401 89.015 -0.72 re
f
266.519 716.961 89.015 -1.44 re
f
0 0 0 rg
355.534 715.521 0.48 -0.12 re
f
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
355.534 718.401 2.879 -0.72 re
f
355.534 716.961 2.879 -1.44 re
f
358.413 718.401 178.51 -0.72 re
f
358.413 716.961 178.51 -1.44 re
f
538.362 718.401 1.44 -3 re
f
536.923 718.401 2.879 -0.72 re
f
536.923 716.961 0.72 -1.56 re
f
263.64 715.401 0.72 -33 re
f
265.079 715.401 1.44 -33 re
f
0 0 0 rg
355.534 715.401 0.48 -33 re
f
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
536.923 715.401 0.72 -33 re
f
538.362 715.401 1.44 -33 re
f
BT
11.0369 0 0 11.04 288.8324 669.2009 Tm
0 0 0 rg
0.0011 Tc
-0.0011 Tw
[(A)5.7(rcher A)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
13.6522 0.0217 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(7.3)Tj
ET
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
265.079 682.401 1.44 -0.48 re
f
263.64 682.401 0.72 -0.48 re
f
0 0 0 rg
266.519 682.401 270.404 -0.48 re
f
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
538.362 682.401 1.44 -0.48 re
f
536.923 682.401 0.72 -0.48 re
f
263.64 681.921 0.72 -17.52 re
f
265.079 681.921 1.44 -17.52 re
f
0 0 0 rg
355.534 681.921 0.48 -17.52 re
f
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
536.923 681.921 0.72 -17.52 re
f
538.362 681.921 1.44 -17.52 re
f
BT
/F7 1 Tf
11.0369 0 0 11.04 289.0724 651.2009 Tm
0 0 0 rg
0.0011 Tc
-0.012 Tw
[(A)5.7(rcher B)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
13.6304 0.0217 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(4.9)Tj
ET
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
265.079 664.401 1.44 -0.48 re
f
263.64 664.401 0.72 -0.48 re
f
0 0 0 rg
266.519 664.401 270.404 -0.48 re
f
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
538.362 664.401 1.44 -0.48 re
f
536.923 664.401 0.72 -0.48 re
f
263.64 663.921 0.72 -17.52 re
f
265.079 663.921 1.44 -17.52 re
f
0 0 0 rg
355.534 663.921 0.48 -17.52 re
f
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
536.923 663.921 0.72 -17.52 re
f
538.362 663.921 1.44 -17.52 re
f
BT
/F7 1 Tf
11.0369 0 0 11.04 288.8324 633.2009 Tm
0 0 0 rg
0.0011 Tc
-0.0011 Tw
[(A)5.7(rcher C)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
13.6522 0.0217 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(7.9)Tj
ET
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
265.079 646.401 1.44 -0.48 re
f
263.64 646.401 0.72 -0.48 re
f
0 0 0 rg
266.519 646.401 270.404 -0.48 re
f
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
538.362 646.401 1.44 -0.48 re
f
536.923 646.401 0.72 -0.48 re
f
263.64 645.921 0.72 -17.52 re
f
265.079 645.921 1.44 -17.52 re
f
0 0 0 rg
355.534 645.921 0.48 -17.52 re
f
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
536.923 645.921 0.72 -17.52 re
f
538.362 645.921 1.44 -17.52 re
f
BT
/F7 1 Tf
11.0369 0 0 11.04 285.1135 615.2009 Tm
0 0 0 rg
-0.0009 Tc
0.0009 Tw
[(B)-7.8(o)-0.9(nanz)8.3(a A)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
13.7391 0.0217 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(4.6*)Tj
ET
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
265.079 628.401 1.44 -0.48 re
f
263.64 628.401 0.72 -0.48 re
f
0 0 0 rg
266.519 628.401 270.404 -0.48 re
f
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
538.362 628.401 1.44 -0.48 re
f
536.923 628.401 0.72 -0.48 re
f
263.64 627.921 0.72 -17.52 re
f
265.079 627.921 1.44 -17.52 re
f
0 0 0 rg
355.534 627.921 0.48 -17.52 re
f
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
536.923 627.921 0.72 -17.52 re
f
538.362 627.921 1.44 -17.52 re
f
BT
/F7 1 Tf
11.0369 0 0 11.04 285.4734 597.2009 Tm
0 0 0 rg
-0.0009 Tc
-0.01 Tw
[(B)-7.8(o)-0.9(nanz)8.3(a B)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
13.7065 0.0217 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(2.6*)Tj
ET
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
265.079 610.401 1.44 -0.48 re
f
263.64 610.401 0.72 -0.48 re
f
0 0 0 rg
266.519 610.401 270.404 -0.48 re
f
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
538.362 610.401 1.44 -0.48 re
f
536.923 610.401 0.72 -0.48 re
f
263.64 609.921 0.72 -17.52 re
f
265.079 609.921 1.44 -17.52 re
f
263.64 592.401 0.72 -2.88 re
f
263.64 590.961 2.879 -1.44 re
f
265.079 592.401 90.454 -0.72 re
f
266.519 590.961 89.015 -1.44 re
f
0 0 0 rg
355.534 609.921 0.48 -17.52 re
f
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
355.534 592.401 2.879 -0.72 re
f
355.534 590.961 2.879 -1.44 re
f
358.413 592.401 178.51 -0.72 re
f
358.413 590.961 178.51 -1.44 re
f
536.923 609.921 0.72 -17.52 re
f
538.362 609.921 1.44 -20.4 re
f
536.923 590.961 2.879 -1.44 re
f
536.923 592.401 0.72 -0.72 re
f
BT
/F8 1 Tf
8.9975 0 0 9 265.0791 575.1209 Tm
0 0 0 rg
-0.0007 Tc
[(No)-7.4(te:)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
0 -1.3067 TD
-0.0034 Tc
0.0067 Tw
[(*)16.6( )-13.4(T)7.6(h)-10.1(e o)-10.1(n)-10.1(l)-5.4(y)16.6( si)-5.4(gn)-10.1(i)-18.7(f)9.6(i)-5.4(can)-10.1(t)-5.4( d)-10.1(i)-5.4(f)9.6(f)-3.7(eren)-10.1(ce was b)-10.1(e)0.6(t)-18.7(w)11.9(e)-12.7(e)0.6(n)-10.1( t)-5.4(h)-10.1(ese m)14.6(e)-12.7(an)-10.1(s.)-6.7( A)11.9(r)-3.7(ch)-10.1(er A p)-10.1(i)-5.4(l)-5.4(o)-10.1(t)-5.4(s)]TJ
0 -1.3333 TD
0.0046 Tc
-0.0013 Tw
[(us)6.9(e)8.6(d)-2.1( s)6.9(t)2.6(a)8.6(nda)8.6(r)17.6(d)-2.1( A)19.9(r)4.3(c)8.6(h)-2.1(e)8.6(r)4.3( ins)6.9(trum)22.6(e)8.6(nta)8.6(tion.)]TJ
0 -1.6667 TD
-0.001 Tc
0.0043 Tw
[(A)14.3(r)-1.3(ch)-7.7(er B p)-7.7(ilo)-7.7(ts received)-7.7( 3)-7.7(0)-7.7( m)17(i)-3(n)-7.7(u)-7.7(t)-3(es )13.3(o)-7.7(f)12( p)-7.7(a)3(rtial p)-7.7(a)3(n)-7.7(e)3(l )13.3(P)-5(C)-0.7(A)14.3(T)-3.3(D train)-7.7(i)-3(n)-7.7(g)5.7( p)-7.7(r)-1.3(i)10.3(o)-7.7(r)]TJ
0 -1.3333 TD
0.0027 Tc
0.0006 Tw
[(to t)14(h)-4(e)6.7(i)0.7(r f)15.7(lig)9.4(ht.)]TJ
0 -1.6667 TD
0.0041 Tc
-0.0008 Tw
[(A)19.4(r)3.8(c)8.1(h)-2.6(e)8.1(r)3.8( C pilots)6.4( ha)21.4(d a)8.1( v)10.8(a)8.1(c)8.1(uum)22.1( a)8.1(nnunc)8.1(ia)8.1(tor)17.1( lig)10.8(ht a)8.1(s)6.4( a)8.1( w)19.4(a)8.1(rning)10.8( w)19.4(h)-2.6(e)8.1(n)-2.6( the)]TJ
0 -1.3333 TD
0.0062 Tc
-0.0029 Tw
[(v)12.9(a)10.2(c)10.2(uum)24.2( sy)12.9(s)8.5(t)4.2(em)24.2( )-13.4(f)5.9(a)10.2(ile)10.2(d.)]TJ
0 -1.6667 TD
-0.0032 Tc
0.0065 Tw
[(Bo)-9.9(n)-9.9(a)0.8(n)-9.9(za A)12.1( p)-9.9(i)-5.2(l)-5.2(o)-9.9(t)-5.2(s)-0.9( exp)-9.9(eri)-5.2(e)-0.1(n)-9.9(ced)-9.9( a)14.1(n)-9.9( A)12.1(I)-3.5( f)9.8(a)0.8(i)-5.2(l)-5.2(u)-9.9(re.)]TJ
T*
0.0064 Tw
[(Bo)-9.8(n)-9.8(a)0.9(n)-9.8(za B )13.3(p)-9.8(i)-5.1(l)-5.1(o)3.6(t)-5.1(s)-0.8( exp)-9.8(eri)-5.1(e)0(n)-9.8(ced)-9.8( bo)-9.8(t)-5.1(h)-9.8( A)12.2(I)-3.4( an)-9.8(d HS)-7.1(I f)9.9(a)0.9(i)-5.1(l)-5.1(u)-9.8(res.)]TJ
ET
EMC
/EmbeddedDocument /MC6 BDC
Q
Q
q
/RelativeColorimetric ri
BT
/F10 1 Tf
11.0412 0 0 11.04 56.0399 225.4009 Tm
0 0 0 rg
/GS9 gs
-0.0019 Tc
0.0065 Tw
[(T)11.3(a)-0.2(bl)-6.5(e 4.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
3.7174 0 TD
-0.0022 Tc
0.0068 Tw
[( F)11(r)-6.2(e)10.3(q)-11.4(uency)8.7( o)10.3(f)-6.8( out)-6.8(co)10.3(m)-6.2(e)10.3( by)8.7( air)-6.2(cr)-6.2(a)10.3(f)-6.8(t )10.9(g)-11.4(r)-6.2(oup)10.3(.)-6.8( Subsc)8.7(r)-6.2(ipt)-6.8(s)8.7( indicat)-6.8(e)]TJ
-3.7174 -1.087 TD
0.0041 Tc
0.0005 Tw
[(n)5.8(u)5.8(m)0.1(b)5.8(e)5.8(r)11( o)16.6(f)-0.5( p)5.8(i)8.7(l)8.7(o)5.8(ts i)8.7(n)5.8( )10.9(th)5.8(a)16.6(t)-0.5( ca)16.6(te)16.6(go)5.7(ry)15( w)19.6(h)5.8(o)5.7( )10.9(f)-11.4(a)5.8(i)8.7(l)8.7(e)5.7(d)5.8( to)16.6( co)16.6(mp)5.8(l)8.7(e)5.8(te)5.8( )10.9(th)5.8(e)5.8( i)8.7(n)5.8(s)15(t)-0.5(ru)16.6(me)5.8(n)5.8(t)]TJ
T*
-0.0024 Tc
0.007 Tw
[(appr)-6.4(oach in pa)10.1(r)-6.4(t)-7(ial-)-6.4(panel )10.9(condit)-7(ions)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
15.7391 0 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(.)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
9.9611 0 0 9.96 64.2008 166.2409 Tm
-0.0007 Tc
0.0037 Tw
[(Pilo)-6.7(t Gro)-6.7(up)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
6.4819 1.1446 TD
0.0042 Tc
-0.0012 Tw
[(Category)10.2( 1:)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
0.3976 -1.1325 TD
0.0004 Tc
0 Tw
[(Su)6.4(cces)-8.2(s)-8.2(f)8.1(u)6.4(l)]TJ
-0.3614 -1.1446 TD
0.0026 Tw
[(p)-5.6(a)-1.4(rtial p)-5.6(a)-1.4(n)6.4(e)-1.4(l)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
6.3976 2.2771 TD
0.0042 Tc
-0.0012 Tw
[(Category)10.2( 2:)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
0.6867 -1.1325 TD
-0.0004 Tc
0 Tw
[(Req)-6.4(u)5.6(ir)-4.8(ed)]TJ
-0.4337 -1.1446 TD
0.0036 Tc
-0.0006 Tw
[(m)22.6(o)-2.4(re e)-10.2(f)-0.7(f)11.3(o)-2.4(rt)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
5.4699 2.2771 TD
0.0042 Tc
-0.0012 Tw
[(Category)10.2( 3:)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
1.1928 -1.1325 TD
0.0039 Tc
0 Tw
[(Barel)4.8(y)]TJ
-0.6988 -1.1446 TD
0.0016 Tc
[(co)-4.4(n)7.6(t)2.5(ro)-4.4(lled)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
5.2289 2.2771 TD
0.0042 Tc
-0.0012 Tw
[(Category)10.2( 4:)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
0.2048 -1.1325 TD
0.0005 Tc
0.0025 Tw
[(Saf)8.2(et)-10.7(y)6.5( p)-5.5(ilo)-5.5(t)]TJ
0.4096 -1.1446 TD
0.0044 Tc
-0.0014 Tw
[(t)5.3(ook)10.4( ov)10.4(er)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
6.4217 2.2771 TD
-0.0043 Tc
0 Tw
[(To)-10.3(t)-8.7(a)-10.3(l)]TJ
-1.253 -1.1566 TD
-0.0011 Tc
0.0041 Tw
[(sa)-19.2(m)12.6(p)0.7(le size)]TJ
ET
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
54.6 193.001 0.72 -3 re
f
54.6 193.001 2.88 -0.72 re
f
56.04 191.561 1.44 -1.56 re
f
57.48 193.001 62.287 -0.72 re
f
57.48 191.561 62.287 -1.44 re
f
0 0 0 rg
119.767 190.121 0.48 -0.12 re
f
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
119.767 193.001 2.88 -0.72 re
f
119.767 191.561 2.88 -1.44 re
f
122.647 193.001 65.167 -0.72 re
f
122.647 191.561 65.167 -1.44 re
f
0 0 0 rg
187.814 190.121 0.48 -0.12 re
f
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
187.814 193.001 2.88 -0.72 re
f
187.814 191.561 2.88 -1.44 re
f
190.695 193.001 57.126 -0.72 re
f
190.695 191.561 57.126 -1.44 re
f
0 0 0 rg
247.821 190.121 0.48 -0.12 re
f
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
247.821 193.001 2.88 -0.72 re
f
247.821 191.561 2.88 -1.44 re
f
250.701 193.001 51.126 -0.72 re
f
250.701 191.561 51.126 -1.44 re
f
0 0 0 rg
301.827 190.121 0.48 -0.12 re
f
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
301.827 193.001 2.88 -0.72 re
f
301.827 191.561 2.88 -1.44 re
f
304.707 193.001 57.126 -0.72 re
f
304.707 191.561 57.126 -1.44 re
f
0 0 0 rg
361.833 190.121 0.48 -0.12 re
f
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
361.833 193.001 2.88 -0.72 re
f
361.833 191.561 2.88 -1.44 re
f
364.714 193.001 49.925 -0.72 re
f
364.714 191.561 49.925 -1.44 re
f
416.079 193.001 1.44 -3 re
f
414.639 193.001 2.88 -0.72 re
f
414.639 191.561 0.72 -1.56 re
f
54.6 190.001 0.72 -40.44 re
f
56.04 190.001 1.44 -40.44 re
f
0 0 0 rg
119.767 190.001 0.48 -40.44 re
f
187.814 190.001 0.48 -40.44 re
f
247.821 190.001 0.48 -40.44 re
f
301.827 190.001 0.48 -40.44 re
f
361.833 190.001 0.48 -40.44 re
f
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
414.639 190.001 0.72 -40.44 re
f
416.079 190.001 1.44 -40.44 re
f
BT
9.9611 0 0 9.96 68.4012 136.4809 Tm
0 0 0 rg
0.0012 Tc
0.0018 Tw
(Archer A)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
11.0412 0 0 11.04 149.7699 136.3609 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(6)Tj
6.0006 0 0 6 155.2905 134.8009 Tm
(1)Tj
11.0412 0 0 11.04 213.7369 136.3609 Tm
(5)Tj
6.0006 0 0 6 219.2575 134.8009 Tm
(2)Tj
11.0412 0 0 11.04 272.3031 136.3609 Tm
4.663 Tc
[(10)315.2(1)4663(2)]TJ
ET
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
56.04 149.561 1.44 -0.48 re
f
54.6 149.561 0.72 -0.48 re
f
0 0 0 rg
57.48 149.561 357.159 -0.48 re
f
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
416.079 149.561 1.44 -0.48 re
f
414.639 149.561 0.72 -0.48 re
f
54.6 149.081 0.72 -18 re
f
56.04 149.081 1.44 -18 re
f
0 0 0 rg
119.767 149.081 0.48 -18 re
f
187.814 149.081 0.48 -18 re
f
247.821 149.081 0.48 -18 re
f
301.827 149.081 0.48 -18 re
f
361.833 149.081 0.48 -18 re
f
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
414.639 149.081 0.72 -18 re
f
416.079 149.081 1.44 -18 re
f
BT
/F7 1 Tf
9.9611 0 0 9.96 68.6412 118.0009 Tm
0 0 0 rg
0.0012 Tc
0.0018 Tw
(Archer B)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
11.0412 0 0 11.04 149.7699 117.8809 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(3)Tj
6.0006 0 0 6 155.2905 116.3209 Tm
(2)Tj
11.0412 0 0 11.04 213.7369 117.8809 Tm
(2)Tj
6.0006 0 0 6 219.2575 116.3209 Tm
(1)Tj
11.0412 0 0 11.04 272.3031 117.8809 Tm
4.663 Tc
[(00)65.2(5)]TJ
ET
0.5 0.5 0.5 rg
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0.0231 Tc
-0.0409 Tw
(The results of this study reflect to some degree the)Tj
-1.0909 -1.1891 TD
-0.0545 Tw
(simulator data obtained by Beringer and Ball \(2001\).)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
0.0233 Tc
0.0841 Tw
(On one hand, the results with the simple airplanes)Tj
T*
0.0231 Tc
0.0767 Tw
(\(Cessna 172 and Piper PA-28\) were very similar in)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0235 Tc
0.1928 Tw
(that pilots flying that simulator and aircraft were)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
0.0233 Tc
0.0207 Tw
[(largely in control of the flight to completion. It was)]TJ
T*
0.023 Tc
0.1066 Tw
[(also true that virtually all of the recorded losses of)]TJ
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0233 Tc
0.0651 Tw
(control occurred with the complex aircraft \(Malibu)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
0.0799 Tw
(simulator and Bonanza A-36 aircraft; only one loss)Tj
T*
0.023 Tc
0.0234 Tw
(was recorded in the Skyhawk simulation\). These re-)Tj
ET
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0 0 0 1 k
/GS4 gs
0 Tc
0 Tw
(9)Tj
11 0 0 11 72 729.36 Tm
0.0231 Tc
-0.0232 Tw
(sults, taken together, suggest that we are likely to see)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
-0.0963 Tw
(more problems associated with high-performance air-)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0233 Tc
0.1257 Tw
(craft than with the simpler fixed-gear, fixed-pitch-)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
0.0848 Tc
0.25 Tw
(propeller aircraft when vacuum failures are)Tj
T*
0.0233 Tc
0.0461 Tw
(encountered. However, it should also be noted that)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0688 Tw
(the loss rate using the airborne platform \(Bonanza\))Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
0.1378 Tw
(was far lower, for equivalent instrument equipage,)Tj
T*
0.0236 Tc
0.025 Tw
(than that found in the Malibu simulator. Given the)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0232 Tc
0.0877 Tw
(factors listed that may have compromised, to some)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
-0.1091 Tw
(degree, the outcomes of the airborne observations and)Tj
T*
0.0122 Tw
(the simulator trials, we believe that the likely rate at)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
-0.0681 Tw
(which serious controlling difficulties may be encoun-)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
0.1039 Tw
(tered in actual aircraft lies somewhere between the)Tj
T*
0.0236 Tc
0.0091 Tw
(two figures.)Tj
1.0909 -1.1891 TD
0.0234 Tc
-0.0212 Tw
(Unfortunately, no airborne assessment of the effi-)Tj
-1.0909 -1.1782 TD
0.0236 Tc
0.1318 Tw
(cacy of a back-up attitude indicator was obtained.)Tj
T*
0.0232 Tc
0.0578 Tw
(Nonetheless, it is reasonable to believe, based upon)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0571 Tw
(the simulator data, that the percentage of complex-)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
0.0236 Tc
0.0555 Tw
(airplane pilots experiencing serious difficulties after)Tj
T*
0.0231 Tc
-0.0693 Tw
(loss of the horizon reference could be further reduced)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0235 Tc
-0.076 Tw
(with the proper instrumentation. The presence of the)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
0.219 Tw
(functioning electric HSI after the vacuum failure)Tj
T*
-0.0526 Tw
(appeared to greatly reduce the difficulty of maintain-)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0236 Tc
0.0535 Tw
[(ing control in the Bonanza, and this was consistent)]TJ
0 -1.1782 TD
0.0233 Tc
-0.0796 Tw
[(with data from the Beringer and Ball simulator study.)]TJ
1.0909 -1.1782 TD
-0.1106 Tw
(Given the results to date, as represented in the cited)Tj
-1.0909 -1.1891 TD
0.0235 Tc
0.2136 Tw
(simulator studies and the airplane study reported)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
0.0232 Tc
-0.1245 Tw
(herein, the following recommendations are submitted)Tj
T*
0.0238 Tc
0.0136 Tw
(for consideration:)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
1.0909 -1.1891 TD
0.0228 Tc
0 Tw
(Training)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
3.6982 0 TD
0.0235 Tc
-0.0052 Tw
[(: Attention should be given to any train-)]TJ
-4.7891 -1.1782 TD
0.0236 Tc
-0.0396 Tw
(ing wherein detection and diagnosis can be practiced)Tj
T*
0.0233 Tc
-0.1015 Tw
(in as realistic a setting as possible. This should include)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0236 Tc
0.0291 Tw
(simulators, aviation training devices, and/or aircraft)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
0.0231 Tc
0.1572 Tw
(with vacuum systems specially adapted for the re-)Tj
T*
0.0235 Tc
-0.05 Tw
(moval of power from at least one attitude instrument)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0232 Tc
-0.003 Tw
(on the trainees side.)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
1.0909 -1.1782 TD
0.0229 Tc
-0.0909 Tw
(Warnings indicators)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
8.3891 0 TD
0.0235 Tc
-0.0918 Tw
(: Attention should be given to)Tj
-9.48 -1.1782 TD
0.0999 Tw
(the location and design of indicators for system or)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
-0.0818 Tw
(instrument failure. Vacuum-failure indicators should)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
0.0232 Tc
-0.1077 Tw
(be located as close to the primary panel as possible and)Tj
T*
0.016 Tc
-0.125 Tw
(should be very conspicuous. Attitude indicators should)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0231 Tc
-0.0966 Tw
(be flagged to indicate loss of power, whether electrical)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
-0.0891 Tw
(or air. This can also be done by referencing gyro RPM)Tj
T*
0.0235 Tc
-0.1065 Tw
(and indicating whenever it drops below the minimum)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0232 Tc
-0.0045 Tw
(deemed necessary for reliable operation.)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
1.0909 -1.1782 TD
0.023 Tc
0 Tw
(Instrumentation)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
6.8618 0 TD
0.0234 Tc
-0.0113 Tw
(: Three levels of instrumentation)Tj
-7.9527 -1.1782 TD
-0.1175 Tw
(modification are suggested in order of increasing cost/)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0238 Tc
0 Tw
(complexity:)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
24 55.5491 TD
0.0209 Tc
(1\))Tj
/F1 1 Tf
2.1818 0 TD
0.0232 Tc
0.1159 Tw
(Given that a reliable heading reference has)Tj
-3.2727 -1.1782 TD
0.0236 Tc
0.013 Tw
(been demonstrated to be useful in maintaining con-)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0234 Tc
-0.0773 Tw
(trol, one option is to replace the directional gyro with)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
0.0237 Tc
-0.1125 Tw
(a heading indicator that is independent of the attitude)Tj
T*
0.1312 Tw
(indicators power source and that will continue to)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0207 Tw
(function, obviating the need for referencing a fluid-)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
0.0233 Tc
-0.0689 Tw
(filled compass. This also brings the heading indicator)Tj
T*
0.0545 Tw
(into the primary panel/scan and reduces both scan-)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
-0.1085 Tw
[(ning requirements and the need to compensate for the)]TJ
0 -1.1782 TD
0.0231 Tc
0.0127 Tw
(known behaviors of a fluid-filled compass.)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
1.0909 -1.1782 TD
0.0209 Tc
0 Tw
(2\))Tj
/F1 1 Tf
2.1818 0 TD
0.0238 Tc
-0.1216 Tw
(Integrating instrumentation can also produce)Tj
-3.2727 -1.1891 TD
0.0236 Tc
-0.0383 Tw
(decluttering benefits and free up space for additional)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
-0.0915 Tw
[(instrumentation. Thus, another option is to install an)]TJ
T*
0.0233 Tc
0.0227 Tw
(HSI in place of a directional gyro and a VOR head,)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0238 Tc
0.2228 Tw
(providing multiple indications within one instru-)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
0.1616 Tw
[(ment, reducing required scan, and opening up an)]TJ
T*
0.0236 Tc
-0.0068 Tw
(instrument location on the panel.)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
1.0909 -1.1891 TD
0.01 Tc
0 Tw
(3\))Tj
/F1 1 Tf
2.1818 0 TD
0.0035 Tc
-0.058 Tw
(It is also likely that a back-up attitude indicator)Tj
-3.2727 -1.1782 TD
0.0034 Tc
-0.0279 Tw
[(would be useful in reducing pilot workload based upon)]TJ
T*
0.0033 Tc
-0.0826 Tw
(the simulator-study results. This must be independently)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0036 Tc
0.0058 Tw
(powered relative to the primary attitude indicator, and)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
0.0033 Tc
-0.0608 Tw
(each should be flagged to indicate instrument or power-)Tj
T*
0.0032 Tc
0.1812 Tw
(system failure. This option, however, is not directly)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0036 Tw
(addressed by data in this study.)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 403.2 404.4 Tm
0.0186 Tc
0 Tw
(REFERENCES)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
11 0 0 11 324 372.36 Tm
0.0031 Tc
-0.0176 Tw
(Beringer, D.B. and Ball, J.D. \(2001\). When gauges fail)Tj
2.1818 -1.1782 TD
-0.0841 Tw
(and clouds are tall, we miss the horizon most of all:)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0033 Tc
0.1812 Tw
(General Aviation pilot responses to the loss of)Tj
0 -1.1782 TD
0.0039 Tc
-0.0446 Tw
(attitude information in IMC. In )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
12.6436 0 TD
0.0024 Tc
-0.0455 Tw
(Proceedings of the)Tj
-12.6436 -1.1782 TD
0.0973 Tw
(Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 45)Tj
6.4 0 0 6.4 529.56 324 Tm
-0.0075 Tc
0 Tw
(TH)Tj
11 0 0 11 538.44 320.4 Tm
0.0001 Tc
0.1 Tw
[( An-)]TJ
-17.3127 -1.1891 TD
0.0023 Tc
0.0046 Tw
(nual Meeting. )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
5.4873 0 TD
0.0032 Tc
0.0061 Tw
(Santa Monica, CA:HFES, 21-5.)Tj
-7.6691 -1.7236 TD
0.0033 Tc
0.0701 Tw
(Bryan, L.A., Stonecipher, J.W., and Aron, K. \(1954\).)Tj
2.1818 -1.1782 TD
0.0031 Tc
0.0182 Tw
(180-degree turn experiment)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
10.9309 0 TD
0.0024 Tc
0.0212 Tw
(. University of Illinois)Tj
-10.9309 -1.1891 TD
-0.0011 Tw
(Bulletin, Aeronautics Bulletin Number 11)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
15.7091 0 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(.)Tj
-17.8909 -1.7236 TD
0.0031 Tc
0.2439 Tw
(Landsberg, B. \(2002\). Safety Pilot: The 90-percent)Tj
2.1818 -1.1782 TD
0.0044 Tc
0 Tw
(solution. )Tj
/F6 1 Tf
3.6873 0 TD
0.0029 Tc
0.0091 Tw
(AOPA Pilot, )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
5.0291 0 TD
0.003 Tc
(February, 87-94.Martinez,)Tj
-8.7164 -1.1891 TD
0.0033 Tc
0.1446 Tw
[(C.R., Jr. \(2000\). AOPA Air Safety Foundation)]TJ
0 -1.1782 TD
0.0035 Tc
0.0009 Tw
(study on pilot performance following instrument)Tj
T*
0.0033 Tc
0.21 Tw
(failures in a simulated scenario.Preliminary re-)Tj
0 -1.1891 TD
0.0031 Tc
-0.0045 Tw
(port. \(Draft not yet released publicly.\))Tj
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